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I have a question for you about ZOI research that you guys did several years ago.

On the summary diagrams for TL-3 barriers, you show a 24" lateral distance for vertical and only 18" for a safety shape.  Why is the safety shape less?  I would have thought a 32" vertical would have been less.

For permanent, sloped-face, concrete barriers, the front-impact-side wheel will begin to climb the barrier face and both result in both vertical rise and roll away from the barrier. For most vertical-face barriers, the engine hood and crushed quarter panel will have a maximum lateral extent over the parapet due to reduced vehicle climb as compared to sloped-face barriers.